Leak-proof welding starts before striking the arc. ✅ Joint Prep • Clean the bevels completely — remove oil, rust, paint, moisture. • Grind smooth bevels (typically 37.5° for standard V-groove). • Root gap: ~1.5–3.0 mm (depends on pipe thickness and process). • Tack welds: 3–4 equally spaced tacks around the pipe, same size as root pass, fully fused. ✅ Fit-Up Alignment • No high-low (misalignment) — edges must be flush. • Use pipe clamps or alignment tools.

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